MANAGEMENT OF EARIAS VITTELLA AND PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA THROUGH DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES UNDER COTTON FIELD CONDITIONS

The efficacy of five different insecticides was evaluated against bollworms under cotton cultivated crop during the Kharif season, 2021. The insecticides namely; T 1= Triazophos 120ml, T 2= Deltamethrin+Triazophos 100ml, T 3= Cypermethrin 60ml, T 4= Emamectin 50ml, T 5= Abamectin 20ml/tank and T 6= Control (water-washed) were applied and replicated two times on Hari Dsot cotton cultivar variety. The field experimental plot sizes were kept at 100ft, number of rows 100, row to row space 60cm, plant to plant space 25cm, and sprays were done in the early morning after 15 days interval basis. Through RCBD data of the pest population was gathered as pre-treatment and after 3 rd , 7 th , and 14 th days of post-spray. After 1 st spray at 1 st replication, the abamectin found with more efficacy caused highest reduction (68.68%), followed by the combination of deltamethrin+triazophos (60.55%), cypermethrin (57.45%), emamectin (52.35%) and triazophos (48.65%), against Earias vittella , and after 2 nd spray, at 2 nd fortnight replication abamectin caused again highest larvae reduction (78.87%), followed by emamectin (60.35%), cypermethrin (54.25%), deltamethrin+triazophos (50.65%) and triazophos (47.55%). In the scheduled of 1 st spray at 1 st replication the abamectin caused the highest reduction (94.75%), followed by deltamethrin+triazophos (73.25%), cypermethrin (70.45%), triazophos (65.25%), and emamectin (62.45%), against Pectinophora gossypiella , hence; after 2 nd spray at 2 nd fortnight replication, the abamectin proved with high reduction again (97.15%), followed by cypermethrin (71.35%), deltamethrin+triazophos (63.65%) emamectin (60.75%), and triazophos (59.55%), respectively. After completion of two successive replicated sprays, it is concluded that the insecticide abamectin proved highest reduction % against both cotton borer species hence, recommended. Intensive attention to the enhancement of biological controlling agents and wise application of pesticides is the best solution for future endeavours.


INTRODUCTION
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a main profitable cash crop grown in every corner of the world (Abid et al., 2011). Pakistan ranked 5 th in production and 4 th in cotton consumption in the world (Azumah et al., 2019), and contributes 10% GDP country-wide compared to the GDP overall agriculture area at 18.9% (Malik and Rasheed, 2022). This golden crop globally provides employment opportunities and good wealth for humanity (Tokela et al., 2022). Cotton is globally known as "King of fiber" "Friendly fiber" primarily key source of edible oil and textile industry (Bhute et al., 2023). This crop grows well at low humidity, and high temperature with long periods of sunshine areas (Aslam et al., 2020). The population growth rate and standard living style increased the demand for this crop and need for cotton is getting higher compared to the production (Rauf et al., 2019), due to this alarming situation the cotton growers are facing aridity, quality of water, energy usage, salinity, low profitability, groundwater interaction, transgenic seed application, greenhouse gas, crop production, and food insecurity like threats (Abbas, 2022). The farmers mostly apply certain pesticides in cotton crop to evade the losses (Zaki and Hegab, 2013), but massive application of toxic chemicals enhance the resistance power of the insect pests also causes health hazards, farmer illness, and environmental pollution (Chandio et al., 2021). The wide use of toxic pesticides relying negative effects on human health, and biodiversity across the globe, only drought factor cause severe crop losses (Zahoor et al., 2022). The agriculture sector in Pakistan is the main important for the livelihoods of inhabitants but it is facing like low farming skills, food insecurity, www.pjbt.org population density, inefficient agricultural management, and low innovation of technologies (Ali and Erenstein, 2017), also land fragmentation, floods, shortage of water, climate change and urban sprawl (Abid et al., 2017). The cotton crop is massively attacked by 1326 species of pests, which cause huge losses in terms of quality and quantity of which spotted bollworm and pink bollworm are more causative (Rangarirai et al., 2015). The pests cause specific problems, significant product losses, and negative effects in terms of the economy, due to insect pests, 29% of cotton yield losses occur in Pakistan, and 15% are devastating yield losses in the world annually (Kaur et al., 2019). The pink bollworms and spotted bollworms are extensively destructive causing yield losses every year up to 40% in Pakistan (Bhute et al., 2023). The pink bollworm species is an economically notorious pest cause loss in the normal opening of bolls, loss in oil content, and seed cotton yield of cotton, for control this pest cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, profenofos, and combination of salicylic acid were applied, observed with positive effect (El-Sherbeni et al., 2022). Due to the more resistance power, the pink bollworm species are becoming more problematic and aggravated, the specialized pheromone and lure application technology (SPLAT), with the application of 1250g/acre, 750g/acre, and 500g/acre of the lure observed with significant control against this pest (Sreenivas et al., 2021). The efficacy of endosulfan, dimethoate, indoxacarb, monocrotophos, profenofos, and chlorpyriphos, was observed against E. vittella, but lambda-cyhalothrin reported with highest suppression and multineem with the lowest compared with control (Hasan, 2010). The group of insecticides viz., cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, zeta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, triazophos, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, abamectin, and methoxyfenozide were uses through leaf-dip bioassay method against E. vittella found with high to low resistance (Ahmad and Arif 2009). The fenvalerate, methomyl, endosulfan, cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, and quinalphos were applied against 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th instars of H. armigera (Building, 2015). The ready-mixed insecticides indoxacarb 14.5%+acetamiprid 7.7% SC, novaluron 5.25%+indoxacarb 4.5% SC, profenofos 40%+cypermethrin 4% EC, thiamethoxam 12.6%+lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC observed with more efficacy against cotton spotted and pink bollworm (Borude et al., 2018). The Bacillus thuringiensis and entomopathogenic fungi proved with significant control against the population reduction of spiny bollworms (Rehab et al., 2020). The chemical is the quickest insect control method which stops large-scale insect pests and their outbreaks, whereas; cultural and biological control takes a long time (Bhute et al., 2023). Hence; the research experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against population reduction % of Earias vittella and Pectinophora gossypiella to share the scientific information for cotton growers. The seed of the Hari Dost cotton variety was purchased from the local market of Ghotki, Sindh-Pakistan during the Khairf season, 2021. The sowing of the cotton crop was started from 5 May to 12 May by the dipping method the soaked seed of the prescribed cotton variety was dipped in ridges. Before the dipping, the cotton seed was kept for 24 hours in the channel irrigation water for their emergent seedlings hence; the seed was separated by the help of dry dust massaging. Due to the frequent emergence of seedlings on 3 rd day, the irrigation water was released once again and continued up to harvesting or as per need basis. Sometimes at arisen of maximum temperature, the water becomes a crucial priority at the time of flowering and boll stages in cotton plants. The weeding was controlled through the help of handmade and hand usage spade hence, the cotton plants were kept at their space and width level by applying the thinning method according to the scientific way. Further description is given in under described (Table-1).

Application of novel insecticides:
To meet the objectives of the study five insecticides and one waterwashed control were used against the population reduction of bollworms on cotton crop, subjected to the appearances and damage symptoms. The spotted bollworm and pink bollworm damage posed an extra burden like the maximum temperature provided support to enhance the population of these pests, in such crucial stage the use of insecticides are essential.
For this purpose, each treatment was repeated two times fortnightly interval basis to avoid errors in data. The synthetic chemicals are listed here in (Table-2) used on the cotton crop to evaluate the competency of each compound against E. vittella and P. gossypiella. The 1 st spray was done at flowering, 2 nd maturation of cotton bolls, and appearance of cotton borers inside the bolls. The scheduled sprays were done by using 16 litre capacity containing hand-operated knapsack sprayer in the early morning time, respectively  (Fig. 1).
The efficacy of insecticides based on insect reduction % indicated that among insecticides and different letters showing the significant difference among the treatments at (P< 0.05) level.

Fig. 1. After 1 st spray efficacy of different insecticides against spotted bollworm
Overall reduction % of 1 st spray against spotted bollworm: Abamectin provided the highest reduction (68.68%), followed by the combination of deltamethrin+triazophos (60.55%), cypermethrin (57.45%), emamectin (52.35%) and triazophos (48.65%). In control (water-washed) plot, the spotted bollworm population sustained throughout the monitoring period of 14 th days after spray. Apart from the highest insect reduction % in chemical control, the treatments ranked as abamectin, deltamethrin+triazophos, cypermethrin, emamectin, triazophos, and cypermethrin showed little difference in their efficacies at different intervals, while deltamethrin+triazophos and emamectin gave closer results to each other. The overall reduction % after 1 st spray against spotted bollworm revealed in (Fig. 2). The different letters of the error bar indicated the significant difference between the treatments at (P< 0.05) level.

Fig. 3. After 2 nd spray efficacy of different insecticides against spotted bollworm
Overall reduction % of 2 nd spray against spotted bollworm: The efficacy of 2 nd spray on the basis of spotted bollworm reduction % showed among insecticides, abamectin showed the highest efficacy (78.87%), followed by emamectin (60.35%), cypermethrin (54.25%), deltamethrin+triazophos (50.65%) and triazophos (47.55%). In control (waterwashed) plot, the spotted bollworm population remained stable during the entire monitoring period of 14 days after the 2 nd spray. On the basis of insecticides efficacy, the treatments ranked as abamectin, emamectin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin+triazophos, and triazophos. Hence; the triazophos and the combination within the deltamethrin+triazophos also showed little difference in their effectiveness against spotted bollworm, respectively. The overall reduction % of the insect pest after 2 nd spray against spotted bollworm is depicted in (Fig. 4). The different letters on the error bar show the significant difference among the insecticides found at (P< 0.05) level.  (Fig. 5), indicate the significant difference among the applied insecticides against pink bollworm found at (P< 0.05) level, respectively.

Fig. 5. After 1 st spray efficacy of different insecticides against pink bollworm
Overall reduction % of 1 st spray against pink bollworm:The overall reduction % after 1 st spray against pink bollworm and the efficacy of insecticides on the basis of insect highest reduction % showed abamectin (94.75%), followed by deltamethrin+triazophos (73.25%), cypermethrin (70.45%), triazophos (65.25%), and emamectin (62.45%). In control (water-washed) plot, the pink bollworm population was found throughout the monitoring period till 14 th days after spray. It was concluded that insecticides ranked for their efficacy as abamectin, cypermethrin, triazophos, deltamethrin+triazophos, and emamectin. Statistically, all the insecticides remained effective but abamectin with maximum efficacy compared to other insecticides. The different letters in (Fig. 6), show the significant difference among the treatments found at the level (P< 0.05).  (Fig. 7), indicate the significant difference among the applied insecticides found at (P< 0.05) level, respectively.

Fig. 7. After 2 nd spray efficacy of different insecticides against pink bollworm
Overall reduction % of 2 nd spray against pink bollworm: The overall reduction % after 2 nd spray against pink bollworm and the efficacy of insecticides, abamectin found with highest reduction (97.15%), followed by cypermethrin (71.35%), deltamethrin+triazophos (63.65%) emamectin (60.75%), and triazophos (59.55%), against the population of pink bollworm. In control (waterwashed) plot, the pink bollworm population remained steady during the whole monitoring period up to the 14 th day after 2 nd spray. On the basis of insect reduction % caused by insecticides, the treatments ranked as cypermethrin, triazophos, deltamethrin+triazophos, emamectin. Triazophos, deltamethrin+triazophos, cypermethrin, and emamectin but abamectin with maximum efficacy compared to other insecticides against pink bollworms. The different letters in (Fig. 8), show the significant difference among the treatments found at (P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION
The cotton crop is economically important and cash crop grown in every corner of Sindh, Pakistan, but cotton bollworms are vigorous internal feeders causing extensive boll damage and it is very difficult to control with the application of insecticides. However, in the current scenario, against cotton insect pest species insecticides should be used as the last option to minimize or reduce the pest population at general equilibrium level. The present research work proved that after the application of five different insecticides against the larvae population of Earias vittella, Pectinophora gossypiella, abamectin found most effective with more efficacy power followed by cypermethrin, deltamethrin+triazophos, emamectin, and triazophos. It is strongly needed and immediate call to implement advanced control measures to combat the cotton potential insect pests and to boost cotton yield.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In Pakistani ecosystems, different categories of insects are attacking cotton crop but spotted bollworm and pink bollworm cause serious damage to cotton, resulting in huge yield losses annually. However, many insecticides are not always effective due to the narrow window for boll damage between hatching and penetration into the cotton bolls. Nowadays, pesticide residues, environmental pollution, and pest resistance power are caused by the massive application of chemical insecticides. It is recommended to apply different control measures instead of depending on the most toxic insecticides are needed to explore.

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION
W.M. Mangrio is the main author of this research paper who arranged materials, data analyzed, and wrote the paper. Z.A. Chachar performed experiments and data collected. H.A. Sahito played key role as supervised point by point throughout the completion of this scientific work. F.I. Sahito designated, conceived, and arranged tools. K.A. Pathan and A.H. Mastoi helped in the article review to be finalized.

IMPACT STATEMENT
However, cultivation point of view Pakistan occupied the 5 th position in cotton yield after China, considering the above facts, here is the dire need to enhance the production of cotton is an urgent prerequisite, especially in Pakistan. For the conservation of susceptibility, it is necessary to select the right insecticide and should apply them at the recommended dose. The insecticide which develops resistance to pests and induces vegetative growth should be avoided.

DECLARATION AND COMPETING INTEREST
The authors of the manuscript declare that there is no financial or personal relationship regarding the work is detailed described in this research manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are sincerely grateful to thank cotton growers for their cheerful support at experimental plots from which data on the insect pests were gathered. Again authors are incredibly thankful to Dr. Hakim Ali Sahito for their restless efforts, admiral approaches, and supervise the work at any stage.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
All the findings of this research paper are due to the ethical privacy and restrictions available at the request of the corresponding author.